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<title>Pilot light</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilot light</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an assist light in flash photography, see <a href="Modeling_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Modeling light">Modeling light</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pilot lamp" redirects here. Not to be confused with a small <a href="#ON_OFF">ON/OFF indicator lamp</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>pilot light</b> is a small <a href="Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a> <a href="Flame" title="Flame">flame</a>, usually <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or <a href="Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>, which serves as an ignition source for a more powerful gas burner. Originally a pilot light was kept permanently alight, but this wastes gas. Now it is more common to light a burner electrically, but gas pilot lights are still used when a high energy ignition source is necessary, as in when lighting a large burner.

</p><p>A United States patent was filed May 13, 1922, for a "safety gas-control system" by two employees of the Newark, New Jersey–based Public Service Gas Company, Conrad Shuck, Jr. and George Layer.<sup id="cite_ref-gas-age_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gas-age-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term "pilot light" is also used occasionally for an electrical indicator light that illuminates to show that electrical power is available, or that an electrical device is operating.

</p>

<p>Common applications include household <a href="Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heaters</a>, <a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a> systems, <a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplaces</a>, <a href="Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a>, and <a href="Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloons</a>. While most commercial kitchens still rely on pilot lights for burners, ovens, and grills, current residential systems utilize an electrical ignition. This is more commonly known as standby on modern remote control fires.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_protection">Safety protection</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Flame_supervision_device" title="Flame supervision device">Flame supervision device</a></div>

<p>In natural gas furnaces, water heaters, and room heating systems, a safety cut-off switch is normally included so that the gas supply to the pilot and heating system is shut off by an electrically operated <a href="Valve" title="Valve">valve</a> if the pilot light goes out. This cut-off switch usually detects the pilot light in one of several ways:

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<ul><li>A <a href="Flame_rectification" title="Flame rectification">flame rectification</a> device.<sup id="cite_ref-Treloar,_FSD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treloar,_FSD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>A sensor filled with <a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> is used to detect the heat of the pilot light. Contraction of the mercury results in sufficient pressure to operate an electrical switch that interrupts the flow of electricity and shuts off the gas valve when the pilot light goes out.</li>

<li>A <a href="Photoresistor" title="Photoresistor">photoresistor</a> is used to detect the light from the pilot lamp. When the pilot light goes out, <a href="Electrical_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuit">electrical circuitry</a> connected to the photoresistor shuts off the gas valve.</li>

<li>Use of a <a href="Pilot_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot generator">pilot generator</a> or a <a href="Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouple</a> in the flame provides heating appliance safety as it generates enough electric current from the burning flame to hold the gas valve open. If the pilot light goes out, the pilot generator cools off and the current stops, closing the gas valve.</li></ul>

<p>Other units use a non-electrical approach, where the pilot heats a bimetallic element or a gas-filled tube to exert mechanical pressure to keep the gas valve open. If the pilot fails, the valve closes. To restart the system, the valve must be held open manually and the pilot lit, and then the valve must be held open until the element heats up enough to hold the valve open. Non-electrical schemes are appropriate for systems that do not use electricity.

</p><p>The above methods are examples of the use of "<a href="Fail-safe" title="Fail-safe">fail-safe</a>" safety protection.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_waste">Energy waste</h2></div>

<p>In domestic heating systems with pilot lights, it has been estimated that half of the total energy usage is from the pilot light, with each pilot light on average using between 70 and 500 <a href="Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> of gas power (between 2 and 16 <a href="Gigajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigajoule">gigajoules</a>/year).<sup id="cite_ref-skyhigh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skyhigh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dumont_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumont-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat from a pilot light in many appliances (furnaces, space heaters, water heaters) is generally released in the same chamber as the primary burner.

The energy loss is much smaller for pilot lights in space heaters than other products, because space heaters heat a smaller enclosed space and contribute more significantly to heating the room. The appliance efficiency of a gas-fired balanced flue local space heater in pilot light mode is almost equal with the appliance efficiency measured at the reduced power of the appliance, which efficiency is between 65–95% based on the low <a href="Calorific_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Calorific value">calorific value</a> of the consumed gas, making part of the pilot light's energy consumption into useful heat.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_alternatives">Modern alternatives</h2></div>

<p>An alternative to the pilot light is a system to create a <a href="High_voltage" title="High voltage">high voltage</a> <a href="Electrical_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical arc">electrical arc</a> or <a href="Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">spark</a> between two <a href="Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>, in order to light the gas flowing to the burner. Fail-safe design for such a system requires the burner flame to be detected by passing an electric current through the flame, which is received by the flame rectification circuit inside an ignition controller connected to the gas valve. Flame rectification occurs when electrons flow through the flame burning, which the ignition controller senses and knows the flame is there, keeping the gas valve open. If the appliance loses gas or the flame goes out, the ignition controller does not see the flame, closing the gas valve.

</p><p>A red-hot surface can also be used to provide ignition. Such igniters are often made of <a href="Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a>, <a href="Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride">silicon nitride</a>, or another material that is durable under prolonged exposure to extreme heat. Hot-surface igniters are commonly used in cooking <a href="Oven" title="Oven">ovens</a>, boilers, and modern gas furnaces.

</p><p>A disadvantage to modern alternatives requiring high voltage is that the appliances are rendered useless during a power outage. Pilot light solutions work independently of the electrical system. However, some appliances can be lit with an external flame source during a power outage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may include cooking stoves and ovens, but not heating boilers that are either room-sealed or rely on electricity to operate pumps.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rq8fAQAAMAAJ&dq=george+layer+gas+pilot&pg=RA1-PA814">"Recent Gas Patents"</a>. <i>Gas Age-Record</i>. June 23, 1923<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Treloar,_FSD-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treloar,_FSD_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTreloar2005" class="citation book cs1">Treloar, R.D. (2005). <i>Gas Installation Technology</i>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>99. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4051-1880-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-skyhigh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skyhigh_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1997" class="citation web cs1">Hayden, A. C. S. (January–February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829080254/http://homeenergy.org/show/article/year/1997/magazine/101/id/1264">"Fireplace Pilots Take Gas Use Sky High"</a>. <i>Home Energy Magazine Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeenergy.org/show/article/year/1997/magazine/101/id/1264">the original</a> on 2022-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-dumont-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dumont_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDumont1997" class="citation web cs1">Dumont, Rob (March–April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829080255/http://homeenergy.org/show/article/year/1997/magazine/102/id/1279">"Pilot Lights Use More Energy"</a>. <i>Home Energy Magazine Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeenergy.org/show/article/year/1997/magazine/102/id/1279">the original</a> on 2022-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GE Appliances. "Gas Range - Lighting Electric Ignition During a Power Failure" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geappliances.com/search/fast/infobase/10000763.htm">http://www.geappliances.com/search/fast/infobase/10000763.htm</a></span>

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</style><div id="Fuel_gas35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufactured fuel gas<br>(<a href="History_of_manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufactured gas">History</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">Coal gasification</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_coal_gasification" title="Underground coal gasification">Underground coal gasification</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_furnace_gas" title="Blast furnace gas">Blast furnace gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasification" title="Gasification">Gasification</a></li>

<li><a href="Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Pintsch_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintsch gas">Pintsch gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Producer_gas" title="Producer gas">Producer gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Regasification" title="Regasification">Regasification</a></li>

<li><a href="Syngas" title="Syngas">Syngas</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_gas" title="Water gas">Water gas</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li>

<li><a href="Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li>

<li><a href="Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compressor_station" title="Compressor station">Compressor station</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_holder" title="Gas holder">Gas holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_meter" title="Gas meter">Gas meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasworks" title="Gasworks">Gasworks</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural-gas_processing" title="Natural-gas processing">Natural-gas processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">Natural gas storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Odorizer" title="Odorizer">Odorizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_burner" title="Gas burner">Gas burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">Gas engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">Gas mantle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gas_stove" title="Gas stove">Gas stove</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li>

</ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pilot_light&oldid=1298987934">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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